Changes 1

changes 31 terms 24 questions TOEIC Part 5, Part 6, Part 7

Reports, results and forecasts are built almost entirely on the language of change. A TOEIC reading passage rarely says "sales went up"; it says there was a marked upward trend, a considerable growth, a sharp decline. This first list gathers the nouns and verbs that describe movement in a figure, and the shades of meaning that separate a steady decrease from a dramatic drop.

Your task

Each sentence describes a change. Complete it with the word or expression from the list that keeps the meaning of the sentence above it. The list holds more words than you need, and no form change is required.

Target vocabulary

amended broaden build up considerable growth constant rise cuts deterioration downsizing downward trend dramatic increase expansion fluctuated general improvement marked progress narrow narrowing phased in phased out reduce relaxation restructure sharp decline / fall slipped steady decrease streamline strengthening tightening up upgrade upward trend weakening widening

Practice

Word bank

1 Last year, 33% of the population worked in secondary industries and 48% worked in the tertiary sector. This year, the figures are 27% and 53% respectively. There has been a __________ of the gap between those working in different sectors of the economy.

2 Last year, the overseas market accounted for 60% of our sales. This year, it only accounts for about 15%. There has been a __________ in overseas sales figures in the last year.

3 People can afford to buy more and live more comfortably than they could twenty years ago. There has been a __________ in the standard of living.

4 Because our company is bigger now than it was two years ago, we need to recruit more employees. Because of company __________ over the last two years, we need more workers.

5 American travelers abroad have discovered that they can buy more foreign currency with their dollar. There has been a __________ of the dollar.

6 It is now much harder to import goods into the country than it was a few years ago. There has been a __________ of border controls for imports.

7 In 2002 inflation was running at about 4%, in 2003 it was 4.5%, in 2004 it was 5% and in 2005 it was 5.5%. Between 2002 and 2005, there was a __________ in the rate of inflation.

8 Last year, the company employed 200 people. This year it now has over 1000 employees. There has been a __________ in the number of employees working for the company.

9 Unemployment figures have dropped by about 2% every year for the last four years. There has been a __________ in unemployment figures over the last four years.

10 Over the next few years, some management positions in the company will be gradually removed. Some management positions will be __________ over the next few years.

11 Because of forecasts for high demand in the future, we need to increase our stocks. We need to __________ our stocks to cope with future demand.

12 The government will spend less on the welfare system next year. There are going to be __________ in welfare spending next year.

13 Public services are less reliable now than they were five years ago. There has been a __________ in public services reliability over the last five years.

14 Nowadays, more and more people are traveling abroad for business and pleasure. There has been __________ in the overseas travel market.

15 Compared with five years ago, more people are shopping in out-of-town malls than in local stores. There has been an __________ in the number of people shopping in out-of-town malls.

16 Unless your work visibly improves, we will have to recommend a transfer to another department. We need to see some __________ in your work, or we will recommend a departmental transfer.

17 Young Americans want to travel, meet new people and see more of the world than their parents and grandparents did. Young Americans want to __________ their horizons.

18 Over the next two months, we plan to make our office computers faster and more efficient. Over the next two months, we plan to __________ our office computers.

19 We are trying to make the accounting system simpler and more efficient. We are trying to __________ the accounting system.

20 Making the company smaller by making a lot of staff members redundant has made it much more profitable than it was before. __________ the company has made it much more profitable than it was before.

21 Standards of service have gone down recently, and as a result we have lost a lot of customers. Standards of service have __________ recently, and as a result we have lost a lot of customers.

22 Property prices have gone up, then gone down, then gone up again this year. Property prices have __________ this year.

23 We have made small changes to the rules for applying for instant credit. We have __________ the rules for applying for instant credit.

24 The company is planning to change its marketing division to make it more effective. The company is planning to __________ its marketing division.